ABSTRACT
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae highlights the need to develop preventive measures to ameliorate Klebsiella infections. Bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical nanometer-sized proteolipids enriched with outer membrane proteins. Gram-negative bacteria-derived EVs have gained interest for use as nonliving complex vaccines. In the present study, we evaluated whether K. pneumoniae-derived EVs confer protection against bacteria-induced lethality. K. pneumoniae-derived EVs isolated from in vitro bacterial culture supernatants induced innate immunity, including the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecule expression and proinflammatory mediator production. EV vaccination via the intraperitoneal route elicited EV-reactive antibodies and interferon-gamma-producing T-cell responses. Three vaccinations with the EVs prevented bacteria-induced lethality. As verified by sera and splenocytes adoptive transfer, the protective effect of EV vaccination was dependent on both humoral and cellular immunity. Taken together, these findings suggest that K. pneumoniae-derived EVs are a novel vaccine candidate against K. pneumoniae infections.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Bacterial Vaccines/immunology , Extracellular Vesicles/immunology , Immunity, Cellular , Immunity, Innate , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Klebsiella Infections/immunology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/immunology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , VaccinationABSTRACT
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a well-known disorder improving with conservative treatment or epidural blood patch in the majority of cases. However, SIH may develop neurological complications such as cranial nerve palsy, subdural hematoma, and altered consciousness. Subdural hematoma in SIH is usually found during intracranial hypotension state and delayed subdural hematoma is rarely reported. We report a case of delayed subdural hematoma and oculomotor nerve palsy after improving spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
Subject(s)
Blood Patch, Epidural , Consciousness , Cranial Nerve Diseases , Hematoma, Subdural , Intracranial Hypotension , Oculomotor Nerve , Oculomotor Nerve DiseasesABSTRACT
No abstract available.